Saturday, January 18, 2020

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet

William Shakespeare's classic, The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, is about two lovers that are forbidden to be together and their solution. The writing style of this Shakespearean play reveals the era of the play by highlighting the social classes. Skillfully using his writing, Shakespeare develops his characters by implying the social classes of each character. Shakespeare uses language usage and style to suggest the individual social standings. In the Renaissance Era, the separation of the social classes is prominent. The four main social groups are the nobles, merchants, the middle class, and laborers (Dowling, â€Å"Renaissance Social Hierarchy†). At the top, the nobles have extensive property, live in large lavish homes outside of the city, and are owners of large businesses (Dowling, â€Å"Renaissance Social Hierarchy†). Since the nobles own most of the land, they have a lot of power and tend to be military officers, advisors to royalty, and politicians (Dowling). Nobles are trained to be warriors, to have social skills, to dance properly, and to carry themselves with a certain air about them (Dowling). Laborers, on the other hand, do not live in such luxury. Their employers did not guarantee them employment and their employment status and paycheck depended on their performance in their duties (Dowling). Despite the hardships in a laborer's life, the life of a peasant was far worse. All of society frowned apon the peasants. The separation of social standing during the Renaissance Era was obvious. Language usage between the different classes was quite different. Those who are higher up in the social ladder have more education opportunities and as a result are more educated. In Shakespeare's writing, the language usage by each character helps to identify the social classification of the character and develop the character. Romeo and Juliet often use an oxymoron or an antithesis when talking to and about each other (â€Å"Bitesize†). † †¦ † (1.1.44–69). Characters like Romeo and Juliet tend to speak in an iambic pentameter blank verse. Common folk or people that are considered laborers tend to speak prose. † †¦ † (1.1.44–69)

Friday, January 10, 2020

Kohistani History Essay

To reach Thull, a Kohistani community that is found in the mountains near the border of Pakistan and Afghanistan, you have to make a hazarding trip on an endless dirt road that is unattainable in bad weather. The Kohistani are inherently a violent people who strongly believe in vengeance and had most of their fighting take place between descent groups. For the most part conflict was handled by local leaders, and there was usually no fatal accident due to a lack of fatal weapons. The lack of guns was due to the lack of roads that limited economic development, which limited the amount of money a person could amass. However, when Pakistan took charge in 1965, a number of social and economic developments took place. The roads that were installed made it possible for Thull to be linked to other parts of Pakistan. Included with the overwhelming amount of changes that followed, Kohistani violence evolved due to the outside impression that all started because of the roads. By the way that Kohistani violence and other facets of their culture changed when the roads were introduced, it shows how interconnected everything is. The introduction of the road demonstrated how culture is integrated by the way it altered subsistence strategies, increased violence, and brought innovative ideas to religion. Before the road, subsistence in Thull solely depended on alpine herding and agriculture. Since importing fertilizer was now possible, Thull shifted its system to one weighing in the cultivation of potatoes, a cash crop that brought about several changes. The amount of men who participated in herding drastically decreased after the road was built due to the fact that herding was no longer the main source of income. With less land being used for herding, farmers were able to convert the property into more profitable potato fields. With the diminishing activity in herding, crosscutting ties became weakened as well. Even though the system for apportioning pastures r emained the same, preserving a positive relationship with herding units became unimportant since nobody was herding anymore. With crosscutting ties losing their effectiveness in sustaining peaceful relations, death enmity started to thrive. With the emerge of roads, the subsistence strategy of the Kohistani people changed, and with that incorporated more violence into their culture as well. This is a good example demonstrating how culture is integrated by the way that a street can alter other aspects of the Kohistani culture like its subsistence strategy, which in turn affects violence in the  Thull. In addition, not only did the emergence of roads bring a change to subsistence practices in Kohistani culture, but also brought a change to the economic system as well. This change was based on cultivating potatoes as a cash crop tied with an amplified quantity of fields that brought a significant influx of money into the community. Additionally, money in the community continued to build even more with the extensive timber exploitation that was occurring, which was the foremost motive of the Pakistan governm ent to build the road. With timber contractors hiring local Kohistani people as wage laborers, also brought about paid royalties on the timber, which brought even more cash to the community. This all seems like it benefits the Kohistani community in a positive way, but that isn’t the case. The deforestation that takes place is harming their environment greatly and affecting the fertile land around it, and with an increase in wealth, members of the community can purchase firearms. Prior to the construction of the road, conflict usually never ended in fatalities due to insufficient weaponry, but with everyone being able to buy rifles now that trend wasn’t likely to continue. Buying guns was almost too easy now and men acting on their honor and justifiable faith used them on their counterparts. The emergence of the road indirectly made it possible to violence to flourish in the Kohistani community. This is just another example of how culture is integrated, showing how this one road strengthened the violence of a people and harmed their environment. The change in cultural values was a crucial factor in establishing organized violence in the community. With a bus service ready to take people to the outside world, Thull’s religious leaders went out and learned from scholars and teachers about the center of Islamic teachings. These leaders then brought back these new concepts regarding honor and opinions toward women. These new concepts caused a wave of death enmity that they felt was justified by the new ideas regarding Islamic faith. This has continued through the years and revenge has become fundamental to a Muslim man’s identity and self-respect as well. They now see it as personal integrity is vital to Islamic faith and that taking vengeance is a stern religious requirement. This together creates an environment that basically supports the act of vengeance. The road let people get a taste of what the outside world was like. The isolated Kohistani culture became tampered with by new discoveries. Again, we can see  how culture is integrated here by the way the road indirectly revised the Kohistani religious values, and caused their violent ways to grow. The inhabitants in the Kohistani community had their lives changed due to political modernization. The transition from their subsistence strategy to an economic system focused on a cash-crop and timber really changed their identity and brought prosperity. This prosperity enabled people to purchase weapons that could do serious harm to others, making conflict a fatal concept in the community. Their religion was changed as well; having it injected with ideas that taking revenge is crucial to a man’s self-respect and basically demanding them to act out violently. All of these factors together encouraged a hostile environment that insisted on organized vengeance. With one road that connected Thull to outside world, Kohistani culture was changed drasti cally. The Kohistani were a great example to show how culture is integrated, because just one road affected so many facets of their everyday life.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Andrea Yates the Behavioral Perspective Essay - 741 Words

Andrea Yates A lot of human behavior patterns are based on genetics, including the human nervous system and brain, hormonal systems, neurology, and genetics. Andrea was diagnosed with depression and also took medication. She overdosed at her parent’s house in June 1999. Doctors told her she shouldn’t have anymore children because they saw the path she could be going down. They thought having more children would bring more stress and increase her depression and her trying to commit suicide. Despite what the doctor’s recommendation she had 5 children. She took care of her father as well who suffered from Alzheimer’s and â€Å"was completely out of it said Jutta Kennedy. Her mother also said how her father always doted on Andrea, she was†¦show more content†¦The Psychodynamic Perspective focuses on unconscious mental activity. This perspective suggests that both normal and abnormal behaviors are determined primarily by unconscious forces. According to Evan Thomas, Andrea Yates was suffering from postpartum psychosis. She was so depressed and out of it she couldn’t function while trying to do everything. They say most killers are sociopaths, but Andrà ©a was the opposite. She didn’t act or think like a killer so it appeared. The Humanistic Perspective focuses on how people can achieve their fullest potential as individuals who make choices and who take control of responsibility for their mental, social, and personal experiences. It also emphasizes free will and individuals control of their own behavior. Andrea fulfilled her dreams when in high school by being valedictorian. She also had a home to shelter with her family. She was loved very much by her kid’s husband, and parents. Andrea Yates was the perfect child and succeeded very well during high school. She married another â€Å"perfect child† names Russell Yates. He was the football star and everyone loved him. She wanted everyone to think she was a mother was the best and never did anything wrong. She wanted people to think she can do everything and anything. But trying to do everything can make people crazy and tired like Andrea. She must have felt she had to have the perfectShow MoreRelatedOld Woman And Loving Wife Of Rusty Yates975 Words   |  4 PagesOn June 20, 2001, Andrea Yates, a 46 year old woman and loving wife of Rusty Yates, murdered her five children. First, Andrea drowned her three youngest boys in their bathtub, removed them from the water, laid them on her bed, and then covered them with a bedsheet. Next she drowned her daughter, Mary, and as she was doing so, her oldest son, Noah, asked what was wrong with his sister. Once he saw that Mary was mangled in the bathtub, he s tarted to run away from Andrea. Andrea chased Noah and forcefullyRead More The Insanity Defense Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesand lawyers agree that it is a brain disease. However, in assuming it is a brain disease, should we link insanity with other brain diseases like strokes and Parkinsonism? Unlike the latter two, whose causes can be medically accounted for through a behavioral deficit such as paralysis, and weakness, how can one explain the behavior of crimes done by people like Hinckley? (2) Much of my skepticism over the insanity defense is how this act of crime has been shifted from a medical condition to comingRead MoreDangerous Women : Why Mothers, Daughters, And The Murderers1735 Words   |  7 Pages women killed their children, or female teacher molested their young students. 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I’m going to focus this paper on the majority (2/3) of serial killers who have been clinically in the DiagnosticRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesLehmann (SM+TB) Accounting Information Systems Basic Concepts Current Issues, 3e_Robert L. Hurt (TB) Accounting Information Systems Controls and Processes, 1st Edition_Leslie Turner, Andrea Weickgenannt (SM+TB+IM +Excel Solutions) Accounting Information Systems Controls and Processes, 1st Edition_Leslie Turner, Andrea Weickgenannt (SM+TB+IM +Spatteli,s Pizzeria Solutions+Process Accounting Information Systems Global Edition, 12E_Marshall B Romney,Paul J Steinbart (IM+SM+TB) Accounting InformationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Should Drugs Be Made Legal Essay - 697 Words

Should Drugs Be Made Legal? For several decades drugs have been one of the major problems of society. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the drug problem increased but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in our country. Some are born addicts(crack babies), while others become users. The result of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The good news is the United States had 25,618 total arrests and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs in 1989 alone, but the bad news is the numbers of prisoners have increased by 70 percent which will cost about $30 million dollars. Despite common wisdom,†¦show more content†¦However, drugs should not be legalized because there would be an increase in drug abuse due to its availability. Once legalized, drugs would become cheaper and more accessible to people who previously had not tried drugs, because of the high price or the legal risk. Drug abuse would skyrocket! Addicts who tend to stop, not by choice, but because the drugs arent accessible would now feed the addiction if drugs were made legal. These drug addicts would not be forced to kick the habit due to the availability of the drug they would partake eagerly. The temptation to use drugs would increase when advertisements for cocaine, heroin and marijuana are dis played on television. Instead of money used by employed addicts, you will see welfare funds used to purchase drugs. If welfare funds were being misused, this would cause a major problem in the economy. Drugs must not be legalized. It puts our country at a terrible risk. Health officials have shown that the legalization of drugs would cause a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. AIDS poses a growing threat to addicts, and thus to society as a whole. The virus that causes AIDS is growing, due to drug addicts who share needles and syringes. The sharing of such needles by intravenous drug users helps increase the spread of AIDS. Infection among IV drug abusers is continuing to occur at a very steady rate, warn Richard E. Chaisson director of the AIDS service at JohnShow MoreRelatedEssay on Why Drugs Should be Made Legal692 Words   |  3 PagesWhy Drugs Should be Made Legal During the 1920s, laws prohibiting alcohol sales and consumption did very little to stop people form getting their hands on a bottle of rum. Instead, the streets became the battlegrounds for organized criminals. Innocent people were being killed and public officials corrupted. Prohibition was a mistake and hopefully we are wise enough as a society not to try to repeat the same mistake. However, we are making the same mistake by trying to fight the war on drugsRead MoreDrug Drugs And The New Zealand Party Scene1723 Words   |  7 PagesPHARM111G Drugs Society Assignment 2: Legal Highs Pre 2008 Legal Highs were the crux of the New Zealand party scene. Legal highs like Party Pills and Synthetic cannabis have since been reclassified as class C drugs and have been pulled off the shelves of all retailers in New Zealand. Since the psychoactive substances act 2013 there has always been the looming suspicion that the drugs will make their way back onto the shelves, by bending their way around the law or in the underground scene. TheRead MoreLegal Ethical Environment of Business1025 Words   |  5 PagesLegal amp; Ethical Environment of Business DATE: 2/4/2013 Week 1 Assignment PART 1: Follow the link below, read the article and analyze the practice of â€Å"dumping† dangerous drugs overseas. Can an American company be penalized for marketing a product deemed unsafe by the U.S., if it is not also banned by the foreignRead MoreIllegal Drug Activity across the Globe1314 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Drugs have become a rising problem for nations across the globe. In Canada, drug use among individuals aged 15 years or older was 11%, demonstrating that an issue does indeed exist (Health Canada). Many of societys worst problems with drugs result from the fact that they are illegal. Like alcohol and tobacco, drugs should be legal in this country. Although this has been a much debated dilemma, I would agree with this statement because of the practicality that it would entail. Drugs are the sourceRead MoreEssay Astonishing Statistics of Marijuana Use in Minors1539 Words   |  7 Pagesmarijuana has been a drug with increasing popularity especially throughout the pas t couple of years due to the legalization in some states. In November of 2012 history was made when Washington and Colorado both legalized marijuana for recreational use. Although marijuana is considered to be a Schedule 1 drug, which means it has a high potential for drug abuse and addictive properties, it is still considered by many that it is not harmful and is in fact the #1 most used illegal drug in the United StatesRead MoreMarijuana vs. Alcohol in the United States Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Marijuana and alcohol are the two most threatening drugs used in America today. Marijuana is the most illicit drug while alcohol is the most abused. Both were illegal during the prohibition but when the constitution was ratified in 1933 alcohol was made legal while marijuana remained illegal. It does not mean that because alcohol is still legal it’s less dangerous than marijuana. Both drugs lead to serious risks and should be taken with caution if used. Marijuana is a mixture of driedRead MoreEssay on Why Marijuana Should Not be Legalized1595 Words   |  7 Pagesas do many political leaders. However, pro-drug advocacy groups, who support the use of illegal drugs, are making headlines. They are influencing decision making thru legislation and having a significant impact on the national policy debate here in the United States and in other countries. The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) is the oldest drug user lobby in the U.S. It has strong ties to the Libertarian party, the Drug Policy Foundation, and the American Civil LibertiesRead MoreDemand For Reform : Law Reform1316 Words   |  6 Pagesrequired; and they must develop and implement these changes. Society is never completely satisfied with the reforms made to law, reforms are made to satisfy the general public. It is evident that the need for reform in the area of illicit substances is significant, due to the countless cases of people requiring medicinal cannabis and having these requests consistently revoked. The current legal response, although somewhat lenient does not fully allow for medicinal cannabis. Depending on the circumstancesRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana and the Economic Affect1477 Words   |  6 Pagesas they do not violate the equal rights of others† stated by David Boaz on drug use and the constitution(Boaz,). Marijuana along with other illegal drugs are all components which are considered to be victimless crimes and are one of the top investments law enforcements make on fighting. Victimless crimes overall are more potential to hurting the economy and society as a whole by keeping them illegal then if they were legal. The reason for this is due to the fact that there is no unwilling participantRead MoreShould Drugs be Legalized?1007 Words   |  4 PagesShould all drugs be legalized? Suppose that someone has some life threatening illness and suppose that a drug that has not yet been approved by the FDA can cure this illness. Should he have to die just because some government bureaucrat tells him that he cannot have this drug? There are millions of AIDS patients in similar tragedy. The two most harmful and dangerous substances are alcohol and tobacco. Yet, they are legal, only because they are popular. Marianne Apostolides of the pro-legalization

Monday, December 16, 2019

The Effects of Advertising on Teens - 1781 Words

The effects of 2 People see advertisements all around the globe that attempt to lure consumers to buy products. Advertisements are placed in newspapers, magazines, schools, and on billboards everywhere. According to marketing consultants Stan Rapp and Tom Collins, on a typical day, an average American sees over 5,000 advertisements a day (Gay, 1992). Many questions arise about these advertisements, such as Is advertising deceptive? Does it create or perpetuate stereotypes? Does it create conformity? Does it create insecurity in order to sell goods? Does it cause people to buy things that they really dont need?(Alexander Hanson, 1993, p. 240). Advertisers use specific methods to target teen consumers, but these methods are not always†¦show more content†¦For example, beer commercials often show a man after a hard days work enjoying an ice-cold beer to relax him. They also argue that ads give people the impression that products can give them talent. Take athletics, for exampl e. Nike ads are accused of implying that their shoes will give a consumer athletic ability. Michael Jordan is shown in a television commercial dunking a basketball, wearing a new style of Nike shoes. Consequently, kids are going to want the same pair to be like Mike (Wolf, 1998, n.p.). On the other hand, advertising agencies say that they just give the consumers up-to-date information. They show change in their ads because they know that is what consumers want and to fulfill the needs of the general public, change. Thus, persuasive strategies are considered techniques used by advertisers to get consumers to buy. Teenagers have become top consumers in todays society, so advertisers have focused on getting their business. According to Simmons Market Research Bureau of New York City, teens bought 25% of all movie tickets and 27% of all videos, totaling $6.6 billion. In 1998, teens spent $1.5 billion on jeans, almost twice as much as in 1990, and $3 billion on sneakers, almost four time s more than the amount spent in 1997 (Tulley, 1994). Another reason teens are being targeted is the fact that there are many more teens in America today than the past Generation X. The current number is even expected to grow in the next decade,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Advertising On Teens On The World Today1232 Words   |  5 PagesReibling (2006), Godbold Pfau (2000), Belstock, Connolly, Carpenter, Tucker (2008), Targeting teens. (1998) and What is the impact of advertising on teens? (n.d.). The research from these studies is extensive due to the long history of the influence of advertisements. Companies use advertisements to persuade and affect young persons worldviews and health behaviors. What is the impact of advertising on teens? (n.d.) explains the process that advertisers go through in order to make sure they grab aholdRead MoreAdvertising : Teens And Advertising1099 Words   |  5 Pagesword count: 102 TEENS AND ADVERTISING Abstract: companies have to sell their products. In order for them to, they have targeted a particular group of people which are teens. Advertisers know teens are very vulnerable, and want to be seen as â€Å"cool† and for these companies to sell their product, they (advertisers) paint this unrealistic image of a teenager, in their (teens) heads. They (advertisers) make teens believe that before they (teens) can be accepted into society, they (teens) have to be thisRead MoreThe Effect Of Explicit Sexualstimuli On The Brand Name Recall1412 Words   |  6 PagesWhile research found that explicit sexualstimuli does not adversely affect brand name recall among 18-to-26 year oldstudents, such stimuli was found to exert a negative effect on messagecomprehension among this population segment when there is a substantialvolume of information available for processing (Severn, Belch, and Belch,199 , pp. Do the advertisements that you have seen that includedmembers of the opposite sex ma ke you want to do anything in particular? Did the advertisements that includedRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Advertisements On Children1278 Words   |  6 PagesLipsey English IV 19 February 2015 The Negative Effects of Advertisements Advertisers seek viewers who will buy products based on the consumers’ need and desire to become perfect. Advertisers know how to push the right button to make people feel insecure and imperfect. They use this insecurity to make a profit. But what happens when a person is pushed too hard? Both genders and all nationalities are affected by advertisements. The negative effects of advertisements include low self-esteem, eatingRead MoreThe Affect of too much Advertising725 Words   |  3 PagesIf you think excessive advertising is harmless and affects no one, sadly, you are absolutely wrong. Advertising has many problems and negative effects on people and you are right to be annoyed by the waves of ads you are attacked by everyday. The problem I chose to explain is advertising targeting teens tweens, this affects people by draining them of money, priorities, and even their social obligations. However, you can solve this problem by educating yourself and being aware of all of th e marketingRead MoreThe Media And Its Effects On Teen And Young Undeveloped Brains1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe advertising business views teenagers in society as a viable market section, due to their immature understanding of the media and its dazzling impact on teen and young undeveloped brains. The media is progressively specializing in children and adolescents to captivate with advertisements. according to market research corporations, teenagers are vital to marketers because they can pay a considerable open income, spend family cash easily, and they are easily able to influence their families to spendRead MoreLasting Effect Of Marketing On Children Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesLasting Effect of Marketing to Children In the past few decades, fast food companies has invested heavily in advertising to children and young adults, in return they’ll become the future of consumers of the next generation prolong business profits. Children between the ages 8 to 12 years old are exposed highest to fast food media marketing and those years are critical stages of development as this forms their eating habits for adulthood. Fast food corporations are utilizing all sources of outletRead MoreTeenage Smokers and Advertisement Essays1085 Words   |  5 PagesMost smokers start in their teens and for that reason tobacco companies are determined to get them hooked. Many smokers drop the habit each year by either quitting or dying (How Tobacco Advertising Works, 2002). Tobacco companies rely on the constant inflow of new smokers to maintain profits and that is why advertisements especially target the younger generation. For every smoker that quits or dies they depend on new ones to take their place. Young people are perspective customers forRead MoreAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesFor Smoking Should Be Banned. Advertisements involving smoking should be prohibited. Kids and teens that are the most impressionable and easily influenced. Cigarette promotions make smoking appear harmless and cool and have led to many kids under the age of 18 to have smoked for years. The advertisements on quitting smoking and how bad they are for you may be effective for older viewers, however many teens and kids are drawn to cigarettes even more because adults are saying it is bad for you and itRead MoreThe Dark Side of Advertising1741 Words   |  7 PagesThe Dark Side of Advertising Woolworths, the Fresh Food People! Oh, what a feeling, Toyota! I’m lovin’ it! †¨These are the indestructible jingles that the world of advertising has managed to drum into our heads, over the course of time. Effective? Yes. Escapable? No. Teenagers in contemporary society are exposed to up to 3000 ads per day, meaning that we are constantly bombarded with advertisements from the minute we step outside our bedroom door. As promotional agencies increase their exposure

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Adriana The Comedy Of Errors monologue Essay Example For Students

Adriana The Comedy Of Errors monologue Essay A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare ADRIANA: Ay, ay, Antipholus, look strange and frown.Some other mistress hath thy sweet aspects;I am not Adriana, nor thy wife.The time was once when thou unurged wouldst vowThat never words were music to thine ear,That never object pleasing in thine eye,That never touch well welcome to thy hand,That never meat sweet-savored in thy taste,Unless I spake, or looked, or touched, or carved to thee.How comes it now, my husband, O, how comes it,That thou art then estranged from thyself?Thyself I call it, being strange to me,That, undividable, incorporate,Am better than thy dear selfs better part.Ah, do not tear away thyself from me!For know, my love, as easy mayst thou fallA drop of water in the breaking gulf,And take unmingled thence that drop againWithout addition of diminishing,As take from me thyself and not me too.How dearly would it touch thee to the quick,Shouldst thou but hear I were licentious,And that this body, consecrate to thee,By ruffian lust should be contaminate!Wouldst thou not spit at me, and spurn at me,And hurl the name of husband in my face,And tear the stained skin off my harlot-brow,And from my false hand cut the wedding-ring,And break it with a deep-divorcing vow?I know thou canst, and therefore see thou do it.I am possessed with an adulterate blot;My blood is mingled with the crime of lust.For if we two be one, and thou play false,I do digest the poison of thy flesh,Being strumpeted by thy contagion.Keep then fair league and truce with thy true bed;I live disdained, thou undishonored.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Should Marijuana Be Legalized Essays - , Term Papers

Should Marijuana Be Legalized? In this year of the millenium, the American populace, even while in the midst of the most prolonged economic boom in the history of the Republic, is confronted with some serious problems. Any randomly chosen group of people asked to list the most dangerous of these, would include among their immediate answers: The Drug Problem. By the Drug Problem, do they mean the proliferation in our communities of all illicit, mood-altering, physically dangerous drugs? Or do they really mean the accompanying problems bought on by these proscribed substances: crime and the threat of crime, violence, disease, the growing number of users on public welfare, the loss of productivity to the countrys industry, the congestion of the court system, the over-crowding of our penal institutions, the diversion of our tax dollars from more productive areas, the corruption of our law enforcement agencies, and directly and indirectly the erosion of our civil rights? Since I am confining this paper to discussing the laws prohibiting marijuana use, I will concede that it fits the first two categories above; i.e. it is by law, illicit, and by its nature, mood-altering. With the third category we enter upon shaky ground. There is no scientific proof that the prolonged use of marijuana exacts a greater physical toll on the user than the equivalent abuse of nicotine or alcohol. Under the name Extract of Cannabis, marijuana was once widely used medicinally in the United States, and still has minor medicinal uses in other countries. There is only one species - Cannabis Sativa - which yields both a potent drug and a strong fiber long used in the manufacture of fine linen as well as canvas and rope. The seeds are valued as birdseed and the oil, which resembles linseed oil, is valuable because paints made with it dry quickly. A Chinese treatise on pharmacology alleges to date from 2737 B.C. contains what is usually cited as the first reference to marijuana. Through out the history of man in just about every culture the mention of this substance is found used both as a fiber and a drug. The first definite mention of the marijuana plant in the New World, dates from 1545 A.D. when the Spaniards introduced it into Chile. The Jamestown settlers brought the plant to Virginia and cultivated it for its fiber. In 1762 Virginia awarded bounties for hemp culture and imposed penalties on those who did not produce it. George Washington was growing hemp at Mount Vernon three years later presumably for its fiber, though it has been argued that Washington was also concerned in increasing the medicinal or intoxicating potency of his marijuana plants. The argument depends on a curious tradition, which may or may not be sound - that the quality or quantity of marijuana resin (hashish) is enhanced if the male and female are separated before the females are pollinated. There can be no doubt that Washington separated the males from the females. Two entries in his diary supply the evidence. May 12-13, 1765: Sewed hemp at muddy hole by swamp August 7, 1765 - began to separate (sic) the male from the female hemp at do- rather too late. George Andrews has argued in the Book of Grass (1967): an anthology of Indian hemp that Washingtons August 7 diary entry clearly indicates that he was cultivating the plant for medicinal purposes as well as for its fiber. He might have separated the males from the females to g et better fiber, Andrews concedes but his phrase rather too late suggests that he wanted to complete the separation before the female plants were fertilized and this was a practice relating to drug potency rather than to fiber culture Brecher, Edward M. and the Editors of Consumer Reports Licit and Illicit Drugs 1st ed. Mount Vernon, New York: Consumers Union, 1972 The plant has many names: marijuana, hemp, ganja... The list is almost endless. To the ancient Hebrew it was Kaneh Bosm, a name that can still be found in the Hebrew version of the Holy Bible (Exod. chapter 30, verse 23; Isa. chapter 43, verse 24; Jer. chapter 6. verse 20; Ezek. chapter 27, verse 19; Song of Solomon chapter 4, verse 14).